====== Zimbabwe ======

==== ASM Population: 1,000,000 ====
Total Population: Often quoted in Zimbabwean news articles is the estimation of 500,000 - 1,500,000 (as in ZWE-2018a). This appears to be more realistic than partly outdated publications. -> 1,000,000\\
Min/Max: The above estimation has a broad range. This might be partly attributed to uncertainty, but also to the population entering and exiting ASM according to economic constraints. -> 0.5 - 1.5 million\\
Female participation: Perhaps somewhere between the 1/3 (MMSD-03) and the 11% (ZWE-2015a) -> 25% i.e. 250,000\\
Gold: Probably (conservative estimate) at the lower range of Total -> 600,000


==== Data sources for estimation ====

===2018: 500,000 - 1,500,000 ===
(ZWE-2018a):
  "It is estimated that there are between 500,000 and 1,5 million artisanal and small scale miners operating in zimbabwe and of these only 16% are registered according to the mines and minerals regulation act Chapter 21;05.whilst 84% remain unregistered" 

(IGF-18): Table 3 quoting HIL-16
  Directly working in ASM: 500,000
  Estimated number of dependants: 3,000,000
  Main Minerals: Gold, Diamonds, Coloured gemstones

===2016: 500,000 ===
(HIL-16): 
  Directly working in ASM: 500,000
  Estimated number of dependants: 3,000,000

===2015: ===
(ZWE-2015a): 
  Women "Previous studies and reports have estimated that more than one-third of artisanal miners are women. The Pact scoping study found that only 11 percent of artisanal miners in the two target areas were women."

===2014: 509,000 ===
(UBC-14): Gold-only data produced by statistic modelling: \\
  Expected ASM population: 509,000 
  Estimated ASM gold production: 2.8 t/a

===2013: 425,000 === 
(IIED-13): 350,000 - 500,000 \\

===2003: 350,000 ===
(MMSD-03):  Estimate for MMSD research country: 350,000, 153,000 of them women and children\\
MMSD study by B.Drechsler (https://commdev.org/pdf/publications/Small-Scale-Mining-Development-SADC-Region.pdf)\\

===1999: 200,000 ===
(ILO-99): Employment: 50,000 - 350,000\\
Number of mines: 200\\
Illegal mines: +/- 30% \\
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==== Publications ====
---- struct table ----
schema: biblio
cols: Reference, Year, Citation, Archived Copy, Link
sort: ^Year
csv: 0
filter : Countries = Zimbabwe
----

==== Further Materials ====
Videos: \\
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-HEPUEQHFgo&list=PL3FBA6D62804939A6 \\
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Articles: \\
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