====== Zambia ======

==== ASM Population: 500,000 ====
Total: Apparently historic/statistic estimates, based on increasing initial estimates of ILO-99, do not take into account "illegal" (i.e. informal) miners. See AMDC-17! Sitting in-between of DRC, Tanzania and Zimbabwe, the AMDC-17 estimate is much more plausible -> **500,000** \\
Min/max: AMDC-17 indicates "over 500 thousand" additional to 400 formal mines. -> **500,000 - 600,000** \\
Female participation: no data. Likely in the magnitude of neighboring countries (20-30%). In videos, a lot of women can be observed. -> **125,000** (?) \\
Gold: no quantitative data. Acording to the Minamata Initial Assessment (https://www.mercuryconvention.org/sites/default/files/documents/minamata_initial_assessment/Zambia-MIA-2017.pdf) there are no emission from ASGM. Video evidence (see below) however shows local communities engaged in ASGM. Possibly ASGM is not reported because of being considered "illegal" in this country with an important LSM sector. It appears reasonable to assume that at least 1% of the miners are ASGM miners -> **5,000** \\

==== Data sources for estimation ====

===2018: 55,000 ===
(IGF-18): 30,000 -80,000 (55,000) \\

===2017: 500,000 ===
(AMDC-17): Page 109: "The mining is done by ... more than 400 small scale miners and non specified number of illegal miners and artisanal
miners who are estimated to be over 500 thousand."

===2014: 87,000 ===
(UBC-14): Gold-only data produced by statistic modelling: \\
  Expected ASM population: 87,000 
  Estimated ASM gold production: 1.4 t/a

===2013: 30,000 === 
(IIED-13): 30,000 \\

===2003: 30,000 ===
(MMSD-03):  Estimate for MMSD research country: **30,000**\\
MMSD study by B.Drechsler (https://commdev.org/pdf/publications/Small-Scale-Mining-Development-SADC-Region.pdf)\\

===1999: 25,000 ===
(ILO-99): Employment: 20,000 - 30,000\\
Number of mines: 200\\
Illegal mines: +/- 15% \\
\\

==== Publications ====
---- struct table ----
schema: biblio
cols: Reference, Year, Citation, Archived Copy, Link
sort: ^Year
csv: 0
filter : Countries = Zambia 
----

==== Further Materials ====
Videos: \\
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLW0k64ZQOWlq6Ey1mvQowxiO8TP9tdc36

Articles: \\
https://www.mercuryconvention.org/sites/default/files/documents/minamata_initial_assessment/Zambia-MIA-2017.pdf
\\
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==== Data Section ====