====== Panama ======

==== ASM Population: 5,000 ====
Total: UBC-14 appears exagerated. Most recent IGF data (PAN-2020a) are inconclusive. Best existing estimation is IGF-18: **5,000** \\
Min/max: Most likely data from IGF-18 are underestimated. -> **5,000 - 15,000** \\
Female participation: no data. Working hypothesis: **500** (?) \\
Gold: no data. Assuming that all data is for ASGM -> **5,000** 

==== Data sources for estimation ====

===2020: "in the hundreds" ===
(PAN-2020a) by IGF: \\
  The Panamanian ASM sector is small compared to other countries in the region. The numbers of small-scale and artisanal miners can be counted in the hundreds. 
  Alluvial gold mining is scattered through the dense Panamanian jungles (Darién, in the central north of the country), and the little information available about these operations is insufficient to check whether mercury use is extensive. The size of the subsector would suggest that it would not yet be at comparatively alarming levels
Note: It is unclear whether the "hundreds" refer to individuals or to concession holders. Additionally it is obvious, that only formalized operations are considered, because there is little information on all others.\\ 
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===2018: 5,000 ===
(IGF-18): 5,000

===2014: 63,000 ===
(UBC-14): Gold-only data produced by statistic modelling: \\
  Expected ASM population: 63,000 
  Estimated ASM gold production: 1.0 t/a

===1999: 3,800 ===
(ILO-99): Employment: 3,000 - 4,500\\
Number of mines: n/a\\
Illegal mines: n/a \\
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==== Publications ====
---- struct table ----
schema: biblio
cols: Reference, Year, Citation, Archived Copy, Link
sort: ^Year
csv: 0
filter : Countries = Panama 
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==== Further Materials ====
Videos: \\

Articles: \\
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==== Data section ====