====== Mozambique ======

==== ASM Population: 640,000 ====
__Total:__ Interpretation of the excellent and very detailed census MOZ-2022a: As min and max have a different scope (just mining vs. including supply chain) a value "in between" is considered a valid interpretation, compatible with estimates from other countries. A value slightly above the arithmetic average of min/max is taken, to account for provinces that were not accessible, and because the overall scope of the census was only artisanal mining, not including small-scale mining (as usuall in most other countries) -> **640,000** \\
__Min/max:__ as per MOZ-2022a, rounded to thousands -> **460,000 - 807,000** \\
__Female participation:__ reported as 11.7% directly engaged in extraction, but 41,6% in trading. Other support staff (in mining and supply chain) is not disaggregated. As support activities of women are commonly not perceived as "work" and therefore underreported, overall female participation is interpreted as likely in the range of 30%. -> **192,000** \\
__Gold:__ 136,160 out of the 229,680 persons directly engaged in extraction corresponds to 60% ASGM. It can be assumed that this percentage also applies to the Total -> **385,000** \\

==== Data sources for estimation ====

===2022: 460,892 - 806,957 ===
(MOZ-2022a) Artisanal mining census \\
  Total persons involved in ASM - Table 10.1 disaggregated by provinces and type of activity)
   Envolvido na mineração artesanal: 460,892 (of which 229.680 directly engaged in extraction, 141,869 on own account and 87,811 as workers; and 231,212 other staff)
   Envolvido em cadeia de valor da mineração com outras actividades: 346,065 (of which 151,688 trader/supplier (Comerciante); and 194,377 other staff)
   Total: 806,957
  
  Gender disaggregation
   Table 4.1, Out of sub-sample of 229,680 directly engaged in extraction: 88.3% men, 11.7% women. 
   Table 9.1, Out of sub-sample of 151,688 traders: 58,4% men, 41,6% women.
   
  Minerals mined - Table 4.14, Out of the sub-sample of 229,680 persons directly engaged in extraction:
   Gold              136,160
   Gemstones          22,820
   Tantalite             172
   Clay               14,623
   Construction Stone 36,243
   Sand               19,085
   Coal                  577

===2018: 100,000 ===
(IGF-18): Table 3
  Directly working in ASM: 100,000
  Estimated number of dependants: 1,200,000
  Main Minerals: Gold, Coloured gemstones

===2016: 100,000 ===
(HIL-16): 
  Directly working in ASM: 100,000
  Estimated number of dependants: 1,200,000

===2014: 291,000 ===
(UBC-14): Gold-only data produced by statistic modelling: \\
  Expected ASM population: 291,000 
  Estimated ASM gold production: 3 t/a

===2013: 60,000 === 
(IIED-13): 60,000 \\

===2003: 60,000 ===
(MMSD-03):  Estimate for MMSD research country: **60,000**\\
MMSD study by B.Drechsler (https://commdev.org/pdf/publications/Small-Scale-Mining-Development-SADC-Region.pdf)\\

===1999: 50,400 ===
(ILO-99): Employment: 700 - 100,000\\
Number of mines: 150\\
Illegal mines: +/- 95% \\
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==== Publications ====
---- struct table ----
schema: biblio
cols: Reference, Year, Citation, Archived Copy, Link
sort: ^Year
csv: 0
filter : Countries = Mozambique 
----

==== Further Materials ====
Videos: \\
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLW0k64ZQOWlr51JAAbMzdhEx2Mm9vbT0G \\
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Articles: \\
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420708000743 \\
https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/import/downloads/gold_mining_in_mozambique.pdf \\
https://africanminingbrief.com/2021/03/17/mozambique-to-conduct-national-small-scale-mining-census/ \\
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==== Data section ====