====== Ecuador ======

==== ASM Population: 150,000 ====
Total estimated based on recent ECU-2020a, or more precisely its below interpretation. Only comprises gold, but this is the main ASM commodity in Ecuador. --> **150,000**\\
Min/max: ECU-2020a is recent and above total aligns well with earlier estimations, therefore low variation of **+/- 10,000 (6%)**. \\
Female participation: ECU-2020a indicates 1,500/11,500 for "miners" (ASMO owners, without workers), which is 13%. Extrapolated to 150,000 -> **20,000**\\
Gold: **All** data is for gold.\\

==== Data sources for estimation ====

=== 2020: 150,000 ===
(ECU-2020a):
  La minería artesanal y de pequeña escala (MAPE) de oro ... en la actualidad se desarrolla en cinco zonas1 dentro de las cuales se han identificado 25 sitios mineros. 
  La extracción primaria es el principal motor de la MAPE de oro, pues representa el 94% del oro producido (22 054 toneladas de Au), relegando la minería aluvial al 6% del oro producido (1,5 toneladas de Au).
  ... el sector MAPE de oro ... involucra más de 11500 mineros, de los cuales al menos 1500 son mujeres. Esta fuerza de trabajo promueve un sector productivo que representa cerca de $900 millones de dólares al año, es decir el 1% del PIB del Ecuador en el año 2018.
It is unrealistic that 11500 miner produce 900 MUSD/a, which would correspond to 78,000 USD per person and year. Apparently only members of ASMOs (share owners) were counted, but not their workers. Dividing the production value of 900 MUSD by the GNI per capita 900,000,000 / 6,000 results in at least 150,000 gold miner+worker. \\
  
=== 2018: 100-130,000 ===
(IGF-18): 105,000\\
(ARM-18): 128,000 replicating UBC-14.
  
=== 2014: 128,000 ===
(UBC-14): Gold-only data produced by statistic modelling: \\
  Expected ASM population: 128,000 
  Estimated ASM gold production: 24.5 t/a

=== 2014: 48,900 ===
(SPDA-14): 48,900
Data apparently for gold and "illegal" only.

===2013: 92,000 === 
(IIED-13): 92,000 replicating MMSD-03\\

===2003: 92,000 ===
(MMSD-03):  Estimate for MMSD research country: **92,000**\\
MMSD study by F.Sandoval (http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G00721.pdf)\\

===1999: 60,000 ===
(ILO-99): Employment: 60,000\\
Number of mines: 400\\
Illegal mines: n/a \\
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==== Publications ====
---- struct table ----
schema: biblio
cols: Reference, Year, Citation, Archived Copy, Link
sort: ^Year
csv: 0
filter : Countries = Ecuador 
----

==== Further Materials ====
Videos: \\
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL6CA7FDC08955C811 \\
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Articles: \\
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==== Data section ====