====== Colombia ======

==== ASM Population: 600,000 ====
re. COL-2014a: The 314,000 seems to be on the low side, while the 2,000,000 might be exagerated. Reality might be somewhere in between. UBC-14 calculated 268,000-418,000 for gold, whereby ASGM has recently increased significantly along the gold price. As ASM also mines gemstones, coal and other minerals, an estimated total of **600,000** is believed to be realistic. \\
Min/Max: 500,000 seems to be a realistic minimum. Conservative estimation of Max could eventually reach 1,000,000 (half of miners’ association data). -> **500,000 - 1,000,000**. \\
Female participation: According to MEM 2022 51 % of subsistence miners are female. The percentage is likely to be lower in small-scale mining, but an overall percentage of 25% appears to be a reasonable working hypothesis. -> **150,000** \\
Gold: Most likely 3/4 of total --> **450,000**

==== Data sources for estimation ====

===2022: 95,000 subsistence miners ===
MEM: Resolución No. 40217 de 28 Jun 2022\\
  La minería de subsistencia, ejercida tradicionalmente por las poblaciones rurales en 29 departamentos de Colombia, hace parte de su identidad y se constituye en un soporte para cubrir las necesidades básicas de 94,391 personas, de las cuales el 51.4% son mujeres.

===2018: 314,000 – 2,000,000 ===
(ARM-18), Table Annex 3: 314,000 –2,000,000 (inherited from COL-2015a)

=== 2015: 314,000 – 2,000,000 ===
(COL-2015a):
  ASM remains on the sidelines, despite official estimates that 314,000 people are directly involved in medium- and small-scale mining in Colombia, with the reality likely to be far greater. [2]
  Endnote 2: This figure from the mining ministry contradicts figures from Conalminercol (the Colombian miners’ association), who suggest that up to 2 million people are involved in ASM in Colombia

===2014: 314,000 – 2,000,000 ===
(UBC-14): Gold-only data produced by statistic modelling: average = 343,000 \\
  Expected ASM population: 268,000 - 418,000 
  Estimated ASM gold production: 41.1 - 50.8 t/a
(COL-2014a): 314,000 (government census) - 2,000,000 (miners confederation estimation)\\
  Page 16-17: The latest data available to characterise the ASM sector in Colombia is the 2011–2012 mining census (MINMINAS 2012).  ... It is estimated that some 314,000 workers are directly involved in MSM and ASM. Footnote 5: Conalminercol, the National Confederation of Colombian Miners, claims that approximately two million Colombians depend directly or indirectly on ASM (Valencia 2012).
(SPDA-14): 51,826 \\
Data apparently for gold and "illegal" only. \\
//De acuerdo con el censo minero, en Colombia 51,826 personas trabajan en minas ilegales. Actualmente en el país 9,474 de estas personas, es decir el 18.28%, pertenecen a grupos étnicos: 1,048 son indígenas, 1,533 son raizales (caribeños), 6,870 son afrodescendientes y 23 son pertenecen al pueblo ROM o gitano.//
 
===1999: 150,000 ===
(ILO-99): Employment: 100,000 - 200,000\\
Number of mines: 9,600\\
Illegal mines: +/- 70% \\
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==== Publications ====
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schema: biblio
cols: Reference, Year, Citation, Archived Copy, Link
sort: ^Year
csv: 0
filter : Countries = Colombia 
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==== Further Materials ====
Videos: \\
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL29FAC99E01E8D88C \\
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Articles: \\
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==== Data section ====